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Patrick - Katerini, GreeceRecently active£16
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In the CIE (Cambridge International) curriculum, Biochemistry is primarily covered in Biology and partially in Chemistry at both IGCSE and AS/A Level. It focuses on the chemical processes and molecules essential for life. Here's a detailed overview: IGCSE Biology (0610/0970) Biochemistry at the IGCSE level introduces students to basic biological molecules and processes: 1. Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates: - Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose), disaccharides (e.g., sucrose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen). - Role in energy storage and release. - Proteins: - Made up of amino acids. - Functions: enzymes, structural components (e.g., keratin), and hormones. - Lipids: - Fats and oils: composed of fatty acids and glycerol. - Role in energy storage, insulation, and cell membranes. 2. Enzymes - Biological catalysts that speed up reactions. - Factors affecting enzyme activity: temperature, pH, and substrate concentration. 3. Photosynthesis - Biochemical process in plants to produce glucose using light energy, carbon dioxide, and water. - Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2. 4. Respiration - Aerobic respiration: Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP). - Anaerobic respiration in humans: Glucose → Lactic acid + Energy. 5. DNA and Protein Synthesis (Basic level) - DNA as the molecule of inheritance. - Role of DNA in carrying genetic information. --- CIE AS and A Level Biology (9700) At the AS/A Level, biochemistry is studied in depth. Key areas include: 1. Biological Molecules - Carbohydrates: Structure and function of monosaccharides, disaccharides (e.g., maltose), and polysaccharides (e.g., starch, glycogen, cellulose). - Lipids: Triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. Role in membranes and energy storage. - Proteins: - Levels of structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. - Role of proteins in enzymes, antibodies, and transport (e.g., hemoglobin). - Nucleic Acids: - Structure of DNA and RNA. - Role of nucleic acids in protein synthesis. 2. Enzymes - Enzyme structure and mode of action (lock-and-key, induced fit). - Enzyme kinetics and factors affecting enzyme activity. - Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors. 3. Cellular Respiration - Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. - ATP production and its importance as an energy currency. 4. Photosynthesis - Light-dependent and light-independent (Calvin cycle) reactions. - Factors affecting photosynthesis. 5. Molecular Biology - DNA replication, transcription, and translation. - Role of mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes in protein synthesis. 6. Biochemical Processes in Cells - Role of ATP in metabolism. - Metabolic pathways and enzyme regulation. --- CIE AS and A Level Chemistry (9701) While biochemistry is primarily a biology topic, it also features in chemistry at A Level: 1. Amino Acids and Proteins - Structure of amino acids and peptide bonds. - Protein hydrolysis and analysis. 2. Carbohydrates - Structure of glucose and its isomers. - Reactions of carbohydrates (e.g., oxidation). 3. Lipids - Structure of triglycerides, fatty acids, and phospholipids. - Saponification and ester formation. 4. Biochemical Techniques - Chromatography for separating amino acids and sugars. - Use of enzymes as biological catalysts in industrial processes. --- Summary - At the IGCSE level, biochemistry focuses on basic biomolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids), enzymes, photosynthesis, and respiration. - At the AS/A Level, biochemistry delves deeper into molecular biology, enzyme kinetics, ATP production, protein synthesis, and metabolism.
Biochemistry
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